The martens constitute the genusMartes within the subfamilyGuloninae, in the familyMustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on the species, and is valued by trappers for the fur trade. Martens are slender, agile animals, adapted to living in the taiga, and inhabit coniferous and northern deciduous forests across the Northern Hemisphere.
Results of DNA research indicate that the genus Martes is polyphyletic, with some studies placing Martes americana outside the genus and allying it with Eira and Gulo, to form a new New Worldclade.[1][2] The genus first evolved up to seven million years ago during the Miocene epoch.
Martens are solitary animals, meeting only to breed in late spring or early summer. Litters of up to five blind and nearly hairless kits are born in early spring. They are weaned
after around two months, and leave the mother to fend for themselves at
about three to four months of age. Due to their habit of seeking warm
and dry places and to gnaw on soft materials, martens cause damage to
soft plastic and rubber parts in cars and other parked vehicles,
annually costing millions of euros in Central Europe alone, thus leading to the offering of marten-damage insurance, "marten-proofing", and electronic repellent devices.[3][4][5][6]
They are omnivorous.
The marten is popular in the northern Ontario community of Big Trout Lake. During the fur trade, commissioned by the Hudson Bay Company in the 17th and 18th centuries, the marten pelt was typically fashioned into mittens. The marten is still traded locally. The locals place a high value on this pelt, typically trading it for consumable goods.[citation needed]
In the Middle Ages, marten pelts were highly valued goods used as a form of payment in Slavonia, the Croatian Littoral, and Dalmatia. The banovac,
a coin struck and used between 1235 and 1384, included the image of a
marten. This is one of the reasons why the Croatian word for marten, kuna, is the name of the modern Croatian currency.[7] A marten is depicted on the obverse of the 1-, 2-, and 5-kuna coins, minted since 1993, and on the reverse of the 25-kuna commemorative coins.[8]
A running marten is shown on the coat of arms of Slavonia and subsequently on the modern design of the coat of arms of Croatia. The official seal of the Croatian Sabor (parliament) from 1497 until the late 18th century had a similar design.[9][10]
The Finnish communications company Nokia derives its name, via the river Nokianvirta, from a type of marten locally known as the nokia.[11]
In the Illiad, the fleet-footed spy Dolon wore a marten-pelt cap.
The Latin word for helmet, galea,
originally meant "marten pelt," although it is unclear whether early
Romans wore these helmets for symbolical reasons or for their fine fur.[12]
The yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) is a martenspecies native to the Himalayas, Southeast and East Asia.
Its coat is bright yellow-golden, and its head and back are distinctly
darker, blending together black, white, golden-yellow and brown. It is
the second-largest marten in the Old World, after the Nilgiri marten,[2] with its tail making up more than half its body length.
The yellow-throated marten has short bright brownish-yellow fur, a
blackish brown pointed head, reddish cheeks, light brown chin and lower
lips; the chest and lower part of the throat are orange-golden, and
flanks and belly are bright yellowish. The back of the ears is black,
the inner portions are yellowish grey. The front paws, lower forelimbs
are black. The tail is black above with a greyish brown base and a
lighter tip.[3]
It is robust and muscular, has an elongated thorax, a long neck and a
long tail, which is about 2/3 as long as its body. The limbs are
relatively short and strong, with broad paws.[4]
The ears are large and broad with rounded tips. The soles of the feet
are covered with coarse, flexible hairs, though the digital and foot
pads are naked and the paws are weakly furred.[3] The baculum
is S-shaped, with four blunt processes occurring on the tip. It is
larger than other Old World martens; males measure 50–72 cm (20–28 in)
in body length, while females measure 50–62 cm (20–24 in). Males weigh
2.5–5.7 kg (5.5–12.6 lb), while females weigh 1.6–3.8 kg (3.5–8.4 lb).[5] The anal glands sport two unusual protuberances, which secrete a strong smelling liquid for defensive purposes.[6]
The yellow-throated marten holds extensive, but not permanent, home ranges.
It actively patrols its territory, having been known to cover 10–20 km
(6.2–12.4 mi) in a single day and night. It primarily hunts on the
ground, but can climb trees proficiently, being capable of making jumps
up to 8–9 m (26–30 ft) between branches. After March snowfalls, the
yellow-throated marten restricts its activities to treetops.[10]
Yellow-throated marten with red jungle fowl kill in Corbett National Park
The yellow-throated marten is a diurnal hunter, which usually hunts in pairs, but may also hunt in packs of three or more. It preys on rats, mice, hares, snakes, lizards, eggs and ground nesting birds such as pheasants and francolins. It is reported to kill cats and poultry.
It has been known to feed on human corpses, and was once thought to be
able to attack an unarmed man in groups of three to four.[11] It preys on small ungulates and smaller marten species, such as sables.[12] In the Himalayas and Myanmar, it is reported to frequently kill muntjac fawns,[11] while in Ussuriland the base of its diet consists of musk deer,
particularly in winter. Two or three yellow-throated martens can
consume a musk deer carcass in 2 to 3 days. It also kills the young of
larger ungulate species within a weight range of 10–12 kg (22–26 lb),
including young spotted deer, roe deer and goral.[12]Wild boar piglets are also taken on occasion. It has also been reported to trail tigers and feed on their kills.[13]
In China, it preys on giant panda cubs.[14]
Estrus
occurs twice a year, from mid-February to late March and from late June
to early August. During these periods, the males fight each other for
access to females. Litters typically consist of two or three kits and
rarely four.[13]
The
yellow-throated marten has few predators, but occasionally may fall
foul of larger carnivores; remains of sporadic individuals have turned
up in the scat or stomachs of Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris) and Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus).[16][17] A mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis) killed an adult yellow-throated marten.[18]
The yellow-throated marten is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List
due to its wide distribution and occurrence in protected areas across
its range; the global population is stable, and threats are apparently
lacking.[1]
The first written description of the yellow-throated marten in the Western World is given by Thomas Pennant in his History of Quadrupeds (1781), in which he named it "White-cheeked Weasel". Pieter Boddaert featured it in his Elenchus Animalium with the name Mustela flavigula. For a long period after the Elenchus'
publication, the existence of the yellow-throated marten was considered
doubtful by many zoologists, until a skin was presented to the Museum
of the East India Company in 1824 by Thomas Hardwicke.[19]
The
species is named for its yellow-colored underbelly; the upperside of
the body and the tail are of a dark brown. Body length is 9.8–10.6
inches (25–27 cm). The tail of 4.9–5.9 inches (12–15 cm) is about half
as long as the body. Mean weight is about 3.3 pounds (1.5 kg).[2]
Two subspecies are recognized: M. k. caporiaccoi (de Beaux, 1935) and M. k. kathiah (Hodgson, 1835).[3]
The
yellow-bellied weasel occurs in Bhutan, Burma, China, India, Laos,
Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Vietnam. It inhabits forested habitats at
elevations of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft), but moves down to lower
elevations in winter; in winter it may come down lower than 1,000 m
(3,300 ft).[1]
Yellow-bellied weasels eat birds, mice, rats, voles, and other small mammals.[citation needed]
Yellow-bellied weasels first build a den in the ground. Breeding
occurs annually. Mating occurs in late spring or early summer. Females
are pregnant for about ten months. The female gives birth to 3–18 kits
in April or May. By the time the kits are eight weeks old, they are
ready to go out and hunt on their own.[citation needed]
The stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the Eurasian ermine or ermine, is a species of mustelid native to Eurasia and the northern regions of North America. Because of its wide circumpolar distribution, it is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.[1]
The name ermine (/ˈɜːrmɪn/) is used especially in its pure white winter coat of the stoat or its fur.[2] Ermine fur was used in the 15th century by Catholic monarchs, who sometimes used it as the mozzetta cape. It has long been used on the ceremonial robes of members of the United Kingdom House of Lords. It was also used in capes on images such as the Infant Jesus of Prague.
The stoat was introduced into New Zealand
in the late 19th century to control rabbits, but had a devastating
effect on native bird populations and was nominated as one of the
world's top 100 "worst invaders".[3]
The root word for "stoat" is likely either the Dutch word stout ("bold")[4] or the Gothic word 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan, "to push").[5] According to John Guillim, in his Display of Heraldrie, the word "ermine" is likely derived from Armenia, the nation where it was thought the species originated,[4] though other authors have linked it to the Norman French from the Teutonicharmin (Anglo-Saxonhearma). This seems to come from the Lithuanian word šarmu.[5] In Ireland (where the least weasel
does not occur), the stoat is referred to as a weasel, while in North
America it is called a short-tailed weasel. A male stoat is called a dog, hob, or jack, while a female is called a jill. The collective noun for stoats is either gang or pack.[6]
Formerly considered a single species with a very wide circumpolar range, a 2021 study split M. erminea into three species: M. erminea sensu stricto (Eurasia and northern North America), M. richardsonii (most of North America), and M. haidarum (several islands off the Pacific Northwest coast).[7][8][9]
The stoat's direct ancestor was Mustela palerminea, a common carnivore in central and eastern Europe during the Middle Pleistocene,[18] that spread to North America during the late Blancan or early Irvingtonian.[19]
The stoat is the product of a process that began 5–7 million years ago,
when northern forests were replaced by open grassland, thus prompting
an explosive evolution
of small, burrowing rodents. The stoat's ancestors were larger than the
current form, and underwent a reduction in size as they exploited the
new food source. The stoat first arose in Eurasia, shortly after the long-tailed weasel, which is in a different genus (Neogale), arose as its mirror image in North America 2 million years ago. The stoat thrived during the Ice Age,
as its small size and long body allowed it to easily operate beneath
snow, as well as hunt in burrows. The stoat and the long-tailed weasel
remained separated until 500,000 years ago, when falling sea levels exposed the Bering land bridge.[20]
Fossilised stoat remains have been recovered from Denisova Cave.[21] Combined phylogenetic analyses indicate the stoat's closest living relatives are the American ermine (M. richardsonii) and Haida ermine (M. haidarum), the latter of which partially descends from M. erminea.[7] It is basal to most other members of Mustela, with only the yellow-bellied (M. kathia), Malayan (M. katiah), and back-striped (M. strigidorsa) weasels being more basal.[22] The mountain weasel (Mustela altaica)
was formerly considered its closest relative although more recent
analyses have found it to be significantly more derived. It was also
previously thought to be allied with members of the genus Neogale such as the long-tailed weasel, but as those species have since been separated into a new genus, this is likely not the case.[23]
The stoat is similar to the least weasel in general proportions,
manner of posture, and movement, though the tail is relatively longer,
always exceeding a third of the body length,[clarification needed][24]
though it is shorter than that of the long-tailed weasel. The stoat has
an elongated neck, the head being set exceptionally far in front of the
shoulders. The trunk is nearly cylindrical, and does not bulge at the
abdomen. The greatest circumference of body is little
more than half its length.[25] The skull, although very similar to that of the least weasel, is relatively longer, with a narrower braincase. The projections of the skull and teeth are weakly developed, but stronger than those of the least weasel.[26] The eyes are round, black and protrude slightly. The whiskers
are brown or white in colour, and very long. The ears are short,
rounded and lie almost flattened against the skull. The claws are not
retractable, and are large in proportion to the digits. Each foot has
five toes. The male stoat has a curved baculum with a proximal knob that increases in weight as it ages.[27]Fat
is deposited primarily along the spine and kidneys, then on gut
mesenteries, under the limbs and around the shoulders. The stoat has
four pairs of nipples, though they are visible only in females.[27]
The dimensions of the stoat are variable, but not as significantly as the least weasel's.[28] Unusual among the Carnivora, the size of stoats tends to decrease proportionally with latitude, in contradiction to Bergmann's rule.[18]Sexual dimorphism in size is pronounced, with males being roughly 25% larger than females and 1.5-2.0 times their weight.[14]
On average, males measure 187–325 mm (7.4–12.8 in) in body length,
while females measure 170–270 mm (6.7–10.6 in). The tail measures
75–120 mm (3.0–4.7 in) in males and 65–106 mm (2.6–4.2 in) in females.
In males, the hind foot measures 40.0–48.2 mm (1.57–1.90 in), while in
females it is 37.0–47.6 mm (1.46–1.87 in). The height of the ear
measures 18.0–23.2 mm (0.71–0.91 in) in males and 14.0–23.3 mm
(0.55–0.92 in). The skulls of males measure 39.3–52.2 mm (1.55–2.06 in)
in length, while those of females measure 35.7–45.8 mm (1.41–1.80 in).
Males average 258 g (9.1 oz) in weight, while females weigh less than
180 g (6.3 oz).[28]
The stoat has large anal scent glands
measuring 8.5 mm × 5 mm (0.33 in × 0.20 in) in males and smaller in
females. Scent glands are also present on the cheeks, belly and flanks.[27]Epidermal secretions, which are deposited during body rubbing,
are chemically distinct from the products of the anal scent glands,
which contain a higher proportion of volatile chemicals. When attacked
or being aggressive, the stoat secretes the contents of its anal glands,
giving rise to a strong, musky odour produced by several sulphuric
compounds. The odour is distinct from that of least weasels.[29]
The winter fur is very dense and silky, but quite closely lying and short, while the summer fur is rougher, shorter and sparse.[24]
In summer, the fur is sandy-brown on the back and head and a white
below. The division between the dark back and the light belly is usually
straight, though this trait is only present in 13.5% of Irish stoats.
The stoat moults twice a year. In spring, the moult is slow, starting
from the forehead, across the back, toward the belly. In autumn, the
moult is quicker, progressing in the reverse direction. The moult,
initiated by photoperiod,
starts earlier in autumn and later in spring at higher latitudes. In
the stoat's northern range, it adopts a completely white coat (save for
the black tail-tip) during the winter period.[27] Differences in the winter and summer coats are less apparent in southern forms of the species.[30] In the species' southern range, the coat remains brown, but is denser and sometimes paler than in summer.[27]
The stoat has a circumboreal
range throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. The stoat in Europe
is found as far south as 41ºN in Portugal, and inhabits most islands
with the exception of Iceland, Svalbard, the Mediterranean islands and some small North Atlantic islands. In Japan, it is present in central mountains (northern and central Japanese Alps) to northern part of Honshu (primarily above 1,200 m) and Hokkaido. Its vertical range is from sea level to 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[1] In North America, it is found throughout Alaska and western Yukon to most of Arctic Canada east to Greenland. Throughout the rest of North America, as well as parts of Nunavut, including Baffin Island and some islands in southeast Alaska, it is replaced by M. richardsonii.[7]
Stoats were introduced into New Zealand
during the late 19th century to control rabbits and hares, but are now a
major threat to native bird populations. The introduction of stoats was
opposed by scientists in New Zealand and Britain, including the New
Zealand ornithologist Walter Buller.
The warnings were ignored and stoats began to be introduced from
Britain in the 1880s, resulting in a noticeable decline in bird
populations within six years.[31]
Stoats are a serious threat to ground- and hole-nesting birds, since
the latter have very few means of escaping predation. The highest rates
of stoat predation occur after seasonal gluts in southern beechmast (beechnuts), which enable the reproduction of rodents on which stoats also feed, enabling stoats to increase their own numbers.[32] For instance, the endangered South Island takahē's wild population dropped by a third between 2006 and 2007, after a stoat plague triggered by the 2005–06 mast wiped out more than half the takahē in untrapped areas.[33]
In the Northern Hemisphere, mating occurs in the April–July period. In spring, the male's testes are enlarged, a process accompanied by an increase of testosterone concentration in the plasma. Spermatogenesis occurs in December, and the males are fertile from May to August, after which the testes regress.[34] Female stoats are usually only in heat for a brief period, which is triggered by changes in day length.[35]Copulation can last as long as 1 hour.[36] Stoats are not monogamous, with litters often being of mixed paternity. Stoats undergo embryonic diapause,
meaning that the embryo does not immediately implant in the uterus
after fertilization, but rather lies dormant for a period of nine to ten
months.[37] The gestation period
is therefore variable but typically around 300 days, and after mating
in the summer, the offspring will not be born until the following spring
– adult female stoats spend almost all their lives either pregnant or
in heat.[35] Females can reabsorb embryos and in the event of a severe winter they may reabsorb their entire litter.[38] Males play no part in rearing the young, which are born blind, deaf, toothless and covered in fine white or pinkish down. The milk teeth
erupt after three weeks, and solid food is eaten after four weeks. The
eyes open after five to six weeks, with the black tail-tip appearing a
week later. Lactation ends after 12 weeks. Prior to the age of five to seven weeks, kits have poor thermoregulation,
so they huddle for warmth when the mother is absent. Males become
sexually mature at 10–11 months, while females are sexually mature at
the age of 2–3 weeks whilst still blind, deaf and hairless, and are
usually mated with adult males before being weaned.[39]
Stoat territoriality has a generally mustelid spacing pattern, with
male territories encompassing smaller female territories, which they
defend from other males. The size of the territory and the ranging
behaviour of its occupants varies seasonally, depending on the abundance
of food and mates. During the breeding season, the ranges of females
remain unchanged, while males either become roamers, strayers or
transients. Dominant older males have territories 50 times larger than
those of younger, socially inferior males. Both sexes mark their territories with urine, feces and two types of scent marks; anal drags are meant to convey territorial occupancy, and body rubbing is associated with agonistic encounters.[29]
The stoat does not dig its own burrows, instead using the burrows
and nest chambers of the rodents it kills. The skins and underfur of
rodent prey are used to line the nest chamber. The nest chamber is
sometimes located in seemingly unsuitable places, such as among logs
piled against the walls of houses. The stoat also inhabits old and
rotting stumps, under tree roots, in heaps of brushwood, haystacks, in
bog hummocks, in the cracks of vacant mud buildings, in rock piles, rock
clefts, and even in magpie nests. Males and females typically live apart, but close to each other.[40]
Each stoat has several dens dispersed within its range. A single den
has several galleries, mainly within 30 cm (12 in) of the surface.[41]
As with the least weasel, mouse-like rodents predominate in the stoat's diet. It regularly preys on larger rodent and lagomorph species, and takes individuals far larger than itself. In Russia, its prey includes rodents and lagomorphs such as European water voles, common hamsters, pikas and others, which it overpowers in their burrows. Prey species of secondary importance include small birds, fish, and shrews and, more rarely, amphibians, lizards, and insects.[42] It also preys on lemmings.[43]
In Great Britain, European rabbits
are an important food source, with the frequency in which stoats prey
on them having increased between the 1960s and mid 1990s since the end
of the myxomatosis
epidemic. Typically, male stoats prey on rabbits more frequently than
females do, which depend to a greater extent on smaller rodent species.
British stoats rarely kill shrews, rats, squirrels
and water voles, though rats may be an important food source locally.
In Ireland, shrews and rats are frequently eaten. In mainland Europe,
water voles make up a large portion of the stoat's diet. Hares are sometimes taken, but are usually young specimens.[44] In New Zealand, the stoat feeds principally on birds, including the rare kiwi, kaka, mohua, yellow-crowned parakeet, and New Zealand dotterel.[44] Cases are known of stoats preying on young muskrats. The stoat typically eats about 50 g (1.8 oz) of food a day, which is equivalent to 25% of the animal's live weight.[45]
The stoat is an opportunistic predator that moves rapidly and checks
every available burrow or crevice for food. Because of their larger
size, male stoats are less successful than females in pursuing rodents
far into tunnels. Stoats regularly climb trees to gain access to birds'
nests, and are common raiders of nest boxes, particularly those of large
species. The stoat reputedly mesmerises prey such as rabbits by a
"dance" (sometimes called the weasel war dance), though this behaviour could be linked to Skrjabingylus infections.[44] The stoat seeks to immobilize large prey such as rabbits with a bite to the spine at the back of the neck. The stoat may surplus kill when the opportunity arises, though excess prey is usually cached and eaten later to avoid obesity, as overweight stoats tend to be at a disadvantage when pursuing prey into their burrows.[46] Small prey typically die instantly from a bite to the back of the neck, while larger prey, such as rabbits, typically die of shock, as the stoat's canine teeth are too short to reach the spinal column or major arteries.[44]
The
stoat is a usually silent animal, but can produce a range of sounds
similar to those of the least weasel. Kits produce a fine chirping
noise. Adults trill excitedly before mating, and indicate submission
through quiet trilling, whining and squealing. When nervous, the stoat
hisses, and will intersperse this with sharp barks or shrieks and
prolonged screeching when aggressive.[29]
Submissive stoats express their status by avoiding higher-ranking
animals, fleeing from them or making whining or squealing sounds.[29]
Tuberculosis has been recorded in stoats inhabiting the former Soviet Union and New Zealand. They are largely resistant to tularemia, but are reputed to suffer from canine distemper in captivity. Symptoms of mange have also been recorded.[50]
Stoats are vulnerable to ectoparasites associated with their prey and the nests of other animals on which they do not prey. The louseTrichodectes erminea is recorded in stoats living in Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In continental Europe, 26 flea species are recorded to infest stoats, including Rhadinospylla pentacantha, Megabothris rectangulatus, Orchopeas howardi, Spilopsyllus ciniculus, Ctenophthalamus nobilis, Dasypsyllus gallinulae, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Leptospylla segnis, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Parapsyllus n. nestoris, Amphipsylla kuznetzovi and Ctenopsyllus bidentatus. Tick species known to infest stoats are Ixodes canisuga, I. hexagonus, and I. ricinus and Haemaphysalis longicornis. Louse species known to infest stoats include Mysidea picae and Polyplax spinulosa. Mite species known to infest stoats include Neotrombicula autumnalis, Demodex erminae, Eulaelaps stabulans, Gymnolaelaps annectans, Hypoaspis nidicorva, and Listrophorus mustelae.[50]
In Irish mythology, stoats were viewed anthropomorphically
as animals with families, which held rituals for their dead. They were
also viewed as noxious animals prone to thieving, and their saliva was
said to be able to poison a grown man. To encounter a stoat when setting
out for a journey was considered bad luck, but one could avert this by
greeting the stoat as a neighbour.[51] Stoats were also supposed to hold the souls of infants who died before baptism.[52]
In the folklore of the Komi people of the Urals, stoats are symbolic of beautiful and coveted young women.[53] In the Zoroastrian religion, the stoat is considered a sacred animal, as its white winter coat represented purity. Similarly, Mary Magdalene was depicted as wearing a white stoat pelt as a sign of her reformed character.
One popular European legend had it that a white stoat would die
before allowing its pure white coat to be besmirched. When it was being
chased by hunters, it would supposedly turn around and give itself up to
the hunters rather than risk soiling itself.[54]
The former nation (now region) of Brittany in France uses a stylized ermine-fur pattern in forming the coat of arms and flag of Brittany. Gilles Servat's song La Blanche Hermine ("The White Ermine") became an anthem for Bretons (and is popular among French people in general).
Stoat skins are prized by the fur trade, especially in winter coat,
and used to trim coats and stoles. The fur from the winter coat is
referred to as ermine and is the traditional ancient symbol of the Duchy of Brittany, forming its earliest flag. There is also a design called ermine inspired by the winter coat of the stoat and painted onto other furs, such as rabbit.[55] In Europe these furs are a symbol of royalty and high status. The ceremonial robes of members of the United Kingdom House of Lords and the academic hoods of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge are traditionally trimmed with ermine.[55] In practice, rabbit or fake fur is now often used due to expense or animal rights concerns. Prelates
of the Catholic Church still wear ecclesiastical garments featuring
ermine (a sign of their status equal to that of the nobility). Cecilia Gallerani is depicted holding an ermine in her portrait, Lady with an Ermine, by Leonardo da Vinci. Henry Peacham's Emblem 75,
which depicts an ermine being pursued by a hunter and two hounds, is
entitled "Cui candor morte redemptus" ("Purity Bought with His Own
Death"). Peacham goes on to preach that men and women should follow the
example of the ermine and keep their minds and consciences as pure as
the legendary ermine keeps its fur.[56]
Ermine (both M. erminea and M. richardsonii, both of which inhabited the Tlingit's territory) were also valued by the Tlingit and other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They could be attached to traditional regalia and cedar bark hats as status symbols, or they were also made into shirts.[57]
The stoat was a fundamental item in the fur trade of the Soviet Union,
with no less than half the global catch coming from within its borders.
The Soviet Union also contained the highest grades of stoat pelts, with
the best grade North American pelts being comparable only to the 9th
grade in the quality criteria of former Soviet stoat standards. Stoat
harvesting never became a specialty in any Soviet republic, with most
stoats being captured incidentally in traps or near villages. Stoats in
the Soviet Union were captured either with dogs or with box-traps or
jaw-traps. Guns were rarely used, as they could damage the pelt.[58]
Yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula), Thailand
Yellow-throated marten with red jungle fowl kill in Corbett National Park
